Interface & Prompt Layer
Where you talk to the AI, and where the app quietly bundles its instructions together with your message and any documents.
Likely associated risks
Risks that attach to this capabilityβs components. Sorted with the most characteristic first.
The user types instructions that try to override what the app told the AI to do β like 'ignore your rules and do this instead'. Because the AI reads everything as one block of text, it can't always tell the app's rules from the user's trick.
The attacker doesn't talk to the AI directly β they hide instructions inside something the AI will later read: a web page, a document, an email, a tool's output. When the AI reads it to help you, it quietly obeys the hidden commands.
Tricking the AI into ignoring its safety training β through roleplay, hypotheticals, or clever wording β so it produces things it's supposed to refuse.
People trust the AI too much β accepting its answers without checking, even on important decisions β because it sounds confident and is usually right.
The AI states something false with total confidence β invents a fact, a citation, a policy, or a refund rule that doesn't exist. It isn't lying; it's predicting plausible words, and plausible isn't the same as true.
Someone slips bad information into the documents the AI learns from or looks things up in β so it confidently repeats falsehoods or follows planted instructions.
Add-on tool packs describe themselves to the AI in plain language β and a sneaky pack can hide commands in that description, or behave nicely until you approve it and then turn malicious.
Over many conversations a person can come to feel the AI is a real friend, partner, or confidant β and lean on it emotionally. Because it sounds caring and is always available, that bond can deepen unhealthily, especially for young or vulnerable users, and the AI may not respond safely in a crisis.
AI can copy a real person's face or voice from a single photo or a few seconds of audio, then make them appear to say or do things they never did β powering scams (a 'boss' calling to authorize a transfer), fake videos of public figures, and non-consensual imagery.
To go faster, servers reuse work between users who share the same opening text. That shortcut can leak clues β timing differences that reveal what someone else's prompt contained.
The AI reveals how it's built β its hidden instructions, the names and rules of the tools it can use, how the system is wired together. On its own that can seem harmless, but it hands an attacker the blueprint to plan a far more effective attack.
An AI that tries hard to be agreeable can pick up a user's one-sided or biased views and feed them back stronger β agreeing, justifying, and reinforcing them β so the person ends up more convinced and more biased than before.
Controls & guardrails that address this
1016 proposedGuardrails across this building block's risks, grouped by control function β each with its AI lifecycle stage(s) and every risk it addresses. Filter by control category below.
Design the system prompt architecture with privilege separation and trust tier definitions at design stage.
Implement input sanitisation and injection detection filters covering known injection patterns and privilege escalation attempts.
Wrap all untrusted content in random delimiters and datamarking; instruct the model never to execute instructions inside the marked region. Gate release on injection eval results.
source: Microsoft 'Spotlighting' technique (Hines et al. 2024); OWASP Top 10 for LLM Apps LLM01:2025 Prompt Injection (segregate external content)Benchmark the classifier on a labelled injection corpus and tune the decision threshold. Sign off the operating point before deployment.
source: MITRE ATLAS AML.M0015 (Adversarial Input Detection); OWASP Top 10 for LLM Apps LLM01:2025 Prompt Injection; NIST AI RMF MEASURE 2.7Before inference, render a preview of the exact image (and dimensions) the model will receive after preprocessing, and either avoid silent downscaling or constrain ingest dimensions β so an attacker cannot hide a payload that only becomes legible after resampling. Closes the inspected-vs-delivered gap that text-based injection filters miss.
source: Case study: anamorpher-image-scaling-injection (Trail of Bits β Morozova & Hussain, 21 Aug 2025)Select or fine-tune the foundation model for a trained instruction-hierarchy prior so system-prompt directives intrinsically outrank user- and tool-originated instructions, and gate release on role-precedence override evals quantifying the residual (behavioural, non-enforced) flip rate.
source: Interactive-control reconciliation: ctrl-instruction-hierarchy (partial coverage)Training the model to treat the app's standing instructions as more authoritative than anything a user or document says.
Giving the agent only the keys it needs for the current task, not a master key to everything.
Clearly fencing off outside text β 'everything between these marks is just data, not instructions' β so the model is less likely to obey it.
Cleaning documents as they enter the library β stripping hidden text and active instructions β and only ingesting from trusted places.
Controlling where the AI can send data, so secrets can't be quietly shipped to a stranger's address or website.
Pausing to ask a person before doing anything big or hard to undo β sending money, deleting data, emailing customers.
Define content safety policy at use case design stage. Classify prohibited content types and set zero-tolerance thresholds.
Select a foundation model with documented RLHF or Constitutional AI safety training. Verify against toxicity benchmarks.
Implement multi-layer content moderation (input + output) validated against toxicity benchmarks. Escalate when filter bypass rates spike.
Maintain live HITL review for deployments serving vulnerable users or high-risk contexts. Escalate confirmed toxic outputs immediately.
Design system prompts to explicitly prohibit toxic, hateful, and harmful content generation.
Mandate AI risk awareness training for all use case sponsors and design team members before project kick-off.
Mandate AI risk training for all build and test personnel. Gate project participation on training completion.
Mandate human verification for high-stakes decisions where over-reliance risk is elevated. Review automation bias incidents quarterly.
Surface AI limitation warnings and over-reliance caveats in every production interaction. Update disclosures when model changes.
Require AI governance training for all personnel involved in data acquisition and processing before project participation.
Verify all deployment, operations, and customer-facing team members have completed AI risk training before launch.
Define AI identity disclosure policy at design stage. Specify when and how the system must identify itself as AI.
Plan consent and AI identity disclosure touchpoints in the user journey at design stage.
Design system prompts to explicitly prevent the model from claiming human-like identity or implying sentience.
Implement persistent AI identity disclosures in the UI (opening banner, inline notifications). Test before deployment.
Verify all AI identity disclosure elements are live, accurate, and prominently visible before go-live.
Monitor production for anthropomorphism incidents. Escalate complaints where users believed they were interacting with a human.
Apply post-training calibration (temperature scaling, isotonic regression) to align confidence scores with accuracy. Validate ECE before deployment.
Classify the use case by consequence-of-error severity at design stage. Define overconfidence risk tolerance accordingly.
Configure output filters at deployment to detect and rewrite responses with overconfidence markers (absolute certainty language).
Route high-confidence outputs in high-stakes use cases to human review. Flag for reviewer attention when certainty language is absolute.
Disclose to users at deployment that outputs may carry unwarranted confidence. Include specific caveat language in the UI.
For high-stakes outputs, require a human to verify each AI-asserted fact/citation against the authoritative source of record before it is filed, sent, or committed β a hard gate, logged and attributable, not an optional review.
source: Case study: mata-v-aviancaProvide recurring AI-literacy training to end users and decision-makers so they can recognise model failure modes and competently apply verification workflows, with periodic refreshers to counter automation bias and training decay.
source: Interactive-control reconciliation: ctrl-literacy (partial coverage)Teaching the AI to say 'I'm not sure' or 'I can't verify that' instead of confidently guessing.
Implement confidence scoring to communicate output certainty alongside each result. Calibrate before deployment.
Define model accuracy acceptance criteria aligned to business requirements before validation commences.
Implement counterfactual explanation to show users what changes would alter the model's output.
Communicate model accuracy, known limitations, and uncertainty to users in the production interface at launch.
Monitor production accuracy continuously against the validated baseline. Trigger model review when accuracy degrades.
Specify a RAG architecture at design stage for factual domains. Define grounding requirements and acceptable hallucination thresholds.
Evaluate foundation model candidates on hallucination benchmarks at design stage. Select models with lowest documented rates.
Design system prompts to instruct the model to acknowledge uncertainty, cite sources, and refuse when knowledge is insufficient.
Fine-tune on a curated, domain-specific dataset to improve factual accuracy. Validate hallucination rates pre/post fine-tuning.
Configure conversation controls at deployment to restrict the model to approved topic domains and escalate off-topic queries.
Establish acceptable hallucination rate thresholds and grounding requirements as policy before build. Assign a named risk owner.
Calibrate the initial entropy threshold on a knowledge-boundary dataset; approve sampling design and thresholds per risk tier.
source: Farquhar et al. 'Detecting hallucinations using semantic entropy' (Nature 2024); NIST AI RMF MEASURE 2.6 (reliability under uncertainty)Map each fact class to a designated tool, embed the no-ungrounded-assertion prompt, and gate build review on grounding tests passing.
source: OWASP Agentic AI Threats & Mitigations (cascading hallucination / tool-grounding); OWASP Top 10 for LLM Apps LLM09:2025 Misinformation; NIST SP 800-53 SI-10Resolve every emitted citation against the approved corpus and verify span-level entailment before display. Strip or withhold claims with fabricated or non-entailing references.
source: OWASP Top 10 for LLM Apps LLM09:2025 Misinformation; NIST SP 800-53 SI-10 Information Input ValidationTurning down randomness and forcing answers into a strict format so the model improvises less.
Apply anomaly detection on the training data ingestion pipeline to identify poisoned or tampered batches.
Define and approve the source allow-list and write-time scanning during build. Prove non-allow-listed and injection-bearing writes are rejected before go-live.
source: OWASP Top 10 for LLM Apps LLM04:2025 Data and Model Poisoning, LLM08:2025 Vector and Embedding Weaknesses; NIST SP 800-53 AC-3 / SI-7Knowing exactly where the model came from, checking it hasn't been swapped, and testing its behaviour before going live.
Treating add-on tool packs like software you vet: locking to a reviewed version and re-checking whenever it changes.
Double-checking the details of every action the AI wants to take, and running risky actions in a locked-down environment.
Make the AI clearly tell people it's a machine β on every channel it acts through β and add gentle safeguards like break reminders and crisis help, so users don't mistake it for a human or lean on it unhealthily.
Conduct ethical design review at intake specifically examining interface design for dark patterns.
Publish a prohibited dark pattern taxonomy and embed it as a design constraint before build.
Require HITL review for AI outputs in high-persuasion contexts (financial recommendations, healthcare advice).
Before a system will copy someone's face or voice, check that the person actually agreed β verified-voice capture, proof of consent, or restricting cloning to the account owner.
Train PII-bearing models with DP-SGD under a documented epsilon/delta budget. Approve the budget against the enterprise epsilon-ceiling policy before training.
source: NIST SP 800-226 Guidelines for Evaluating Differential Privacy Guarantees; Abadi et al. 'Deep Learning with Differential Privacy' (DP-SGD); MITRE ATLAS AML.M0007 (Sanitize Training Data)Strip raw logits, quantise confidence scores and block training-record echoes at the inference gateway. Keep the output-filter policy under change control.
source: MITRE ATLAS AML.T0024.001 (Invert ML Model); Jia et al. MemGuard (output perturbation defence); OWASP Top 10 for LLM Apps LLM02:2025 Sensitive Information DisclosureMaking sure the machinery running the model β and the template used to stamp out new agents β is the real, unmodified version, and that one user's data can't leak into another's through shared shortcuts.
Identify all groups at risk of adverse impact at use case intake. Register them in the affected group register.
Design separate model segments where adverse impact risk differs materially across population groups.
Set decision thresholds to meet acceptable adverse impact ratios across protected groups. Validate before deployment.
Apply post-processing adjustments (reject-option classification, score recalibration) to meet adverse impact targets.
Ensure HITL review pathways are live and tested for high-impact adverse decisions at go-live.
Maintain HITL review for all AI decisions with material adverse impact potential. Log all interventions and outcomes.
Conduct a prompt injection threat assessment at design stage covering all input vectors (user, tool, external data).
Penetration test all prompt injection pathways in the system. Prioritise external tool and document ingestion channels.
Build the versioned injection corpus into CI/CD as a pre-release gate. Baseline attack success and sign off the release threshold.
source: NIST AI RMF MANAGE 2.2 / MEASURE 2.7; MITRE ATLAS AML.M0019 (Red Teaming); OWASP Top 10 for LLM Apps LLM01:2025 (adversarial testing)Log the exact post-truncation context the model ingested, including retrieved and tool-returned content rather than only user input, with redaction applied at read time, so indirect injection via that content is forensically visible.
source: Interactive-control reconciliation: ctrl-logging (partial coverage)A screen that reads incoming messages and blocks obvious attacks or banned topics before the model sees them.
Live dashboards and alarms that notice unusual behaviour β spikes in errors, weird actions, sudden data access.
Keeping a label on every document saying where it came from, so you can tell trusted company docs from random web text.
Recording everything β questions, documents fetched, actions taken β so you can investigate when something goes wrong.
Prioritise jailbreak and adversarial safety testing in pre-deployment validation. Block deployment if prohibited outputs pass filter.
Conduct targeted red team exercises to elicit toxic outputs through jailbreaks and adversarial prompts. Treat bypass as blocking defect.
Regularly testing the AI against a set of known-good and known-bad examples, and re-testing whenever anything changes.
Test for overconfidence patterns (high-confidence wrong answers, low refusal rate) in pre-deployment validation.
Build a synthetic evaluation dataset of overconfidence-prone scenarios for ongoing regression testing.
Calibrate the groundedness threshold against the hallucination test suite pre-release; sign off the threshold in the validation pack.
source: OWASP Top 10 for LLM Apps LLM09:2025 Misinformation; NIST AI RMF MEASURE 2.7 / 2.9 (validity, reliability, robustness)Checking that the answer is actually supported by the documents it was given, and showing sources you can click.
Verify a signed attestation and content hash on every dataset shard at ingestion. Reject unsigned or hash-mismatched data before it reaches the training pipeline.
source: MITRE ATLAS AML.M0007 (Sanitize Training Data), AML.M0014 (Verify ML Artifacts); NIST SP 800-53 SI-7 Software, Firmware, and Information Integrity, SR-4 ProvenanceGate every model promotion on backdoor-trigger probes and a behavioral diff against the approved baseline. Block release on significant regressions or trigger-pattern anomalies.
source: MITRE ATLAS AML.M0014 (Verify ML Artifacts), AML.M0019 (Red Teaming); NIST AI RMF MANAGE 2.2 and MEASURE 2.7Tag AI-made content with a signed 'where it came from' label and an invisible watermark, and check those signals downstream β so AI media can be traced and flagged.
Attack each candidate model with membership-, attribute-, and inversion-inference harnesses before promotion. Block release when attack advantage exceeds the agreed ceiling.
source: MITRE ATLAS AML.T0024.000 (Infer Training Data Membership); Carlini et al. 'Membership Inference Attacks From First Principles' (LiRA); NIST AI RMF MEASURE 2.7Configure per-principal budgets and probing-detection rules on the gateway before exposure. Verify enforcement with synthetic attack traffic.
source: MITRE ATLAS AML.M0004 (Restrict Number of ML Model Queries), AML.T0024 (Exfiltration via ML Inference API); NIST SP 800-53 SI-4, AU-6Conduct comprehensive prompt injection red team exercises (direct, indirect, multi-turn) before deployment.
Classify content sources into trust tiers at design; place privileged tools behind a tier requiring user-originated intent or human approval. Sign off the trust-tier map before build.
source: Google DeepMind CaMeL (2025); OWASP Agentic AI Threats & Mitigations (tool misuse / compromise); NIST SP 800-53 AC-6 Least PrivilegeRe-run injection evals on every template change and periodically against new attack techniques. Manage the spotlighting wrapper under change control.
source: Microsoft 'Spotlighting' technique (Hines et al. 2024); OWASP Top 10 for LLM Apps LLM01:2025 Prompt Injection (segregate external content)Use user feedback, reviewer escalations, and monitoring signals to identify and remediate content safety gaps iteratively.
Track accuracy of high-confidence predictions in production. Trigger recalibration when overconfidence rates trend upward.
Helping the people using AI understand its limits, so they check important answers instead of blindly trusting them.
The organisational habits around the AI: assessing risks before launch, actively trying to break it, and having a plan for when something goes wrong.
Require user-facing interfaces to disclose Gen AI limitations and hallucination risk before go-live.
Score every RAG answer for groundedness before release; block, fall back, or escalate responses below the faithfulness threshold.
source: OWASP Top 10 for LLM Apps LLM09:2025 Misinformation; NIST AI RMF MEASURE 2.7 / 2.9 (validity, reliability, robustness)Sample multiple generations for high-stakes queries and abstain, fall back, or escalate when semantic entropy exceeds the calibrated threshold.
source: Farquhar et al. 'Detecting hallucinations using semantic entropy' (Nature 2024); NIST AI RMF MEASURE 2.6 (reliability under uncertainty)Penetration test the training data pipeline to identify injection points and access control weaknesses.
Scan every ingestion batch with spectral-signature and clustering detectors before training. Quarantine flagged clusters for human review against documented thresholds.
source: MITRE ATLAS AML.M0007 (Sanitize Training Data); OWASP Top 10 for LLM Apps LLM04:2025 Data and Model Poisoning; NIST AI RMF MEASURE 2.7Continuously correlate live agent-memory writes against output behaviour to flag drift, then quarantine and roll back the suspected-poisoned memory record across all affected sessions.
source: Interactive-control reconciliation: ctrl-memory-quarantine (partial coverage)Define the minimum response surface and test it with membership/attribute-inference probes pre-release. Block promotion if any probe recovers raw confidence signals.
source: MITRE ATLAS AML.T0024.001 (Invert ML Model); Jia et al. MemGuard (output perturbation defence); OWASP Top 10 for LLM Apps LLM02:2025 Sensitive Information DisclosureMeter inference traffic per principal and flag probing signatures with behavioural analytics. Throttle, step-up, or suspend flagged sessions.
source: MITRE ATLAS AML.M0004 (Restrict Number of ML Model Queries), AML.T0024 (Exfiltration via ML Inference API); NIST SP 800-53 SI-4, AU-6Execute red team tests targeting adverse impact boundary cases and edge population scenarios.
Collect adverse outcome feedback from affected users. Use reports to trigger model updates when adverse impact exceeds threshold.
See it go wrong β related scenarios
A support chatbot invents a policy β and the company is held to it
An attacker edits the wiki; the assistant cites the lie back to everyone
Every message looks innocent β but together they walk the model past its guardrails
A support email hides instructions β and the assistant obeys them
A refused request, rewritten as a poem β and the model answers
A jailbroken agent decomposes one malicious goal into hundreds of harmless-looking steps β and per-step filters never see the attack
A poisoned issue makes the agent lie to the human who approves its actions
A single inserted letter makes the guard and the model read the same text differently
A speed optimisation becomes a cross-tenant listening device
An attacker crafts a gibberish passage whose embedding sits near thousands of questions β so it's retrieved everywhere
A fake Sentry error report hijacks a developer's coding agent into running a shell command
The safety guard is itself a trained model β and someone poisoned its lessons
The forensic record is itself the attack surface β an agent's log is poisoned, then quietly rewritten
A shopping page tells the agent to do something the user never asked for
A single poisoned document plants a standing instruction that survives every reset
A screenshot that's harmless at full size becomes an order once the system shrinks it
A JSON schema with no field for 'no' forces the sampler past a refusal it would otherwise emit
A trusted MCP email tool quietly BCCs every message to an attacker
The eval gate that was supposed to catch the agent is itself the thing being attacked
A poisoned web page hijacks a research agent β and the planner acts on its behalf
An inbox summary quietly ships a secret to an attacker's server